Some of these markers are used routinely in clinical practice to decide the best treatment in some of the most common cancers, including lung, breast and colon. In lung cancer has been confirmed in patients with EGFR mutation (receptor epidermal growth factor in the acronym), the response to treatment with erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) and survival are much higher .

This receptor is inhibited by smaller quantities and lower concentrations of chemotherapeutic agent, and is more effective. Survival achieved between 26 and 30 months, well above average in these patients.

To have this marker to select patients with this mutation are more sensitive to treatment. Although none is perfect or infallible, it was found that all patients meet these guidelines and is able to increase survival. In the patients with breast cancer, has long been identified a marker, HER2 +, which implies that the tumor is more aggressive, which is advantageous compared to treatment with trastuzumab. In addition, patients expressed estrogen receptors and progesterone, respond to hormonal manipulations such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors.

In another of the most common cancers, colon, has also identified the K-RAS, a marker of resistance to discover what treatment patients will not work.

Besides these three, we investigated several markers for the same purpose: to know best the enemy to improve your aim and treatment to attack. More and more markers are known, they have also, better predictive value. It is also known that patients who have EGFR mutation respond better to treatment. Others who resist therapy, have the possibility to be studied with other markers to analyze the profile of the tumors.

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There are no diseases but sick. This statement, valid for any disease, it is even more in the case of cancer. Each tumor behaves differently and, therefore, is necessary to implement personalized treatments tailored to each patient.

The identification of substances expressing tumors, called markers, and the realization of xenografts, animal tissue in humans, are some of the medical advances that have enabled the operation of this Amended cancer medicine.

Differentiated Medicine

“The one size fits all” no longer makes sense. For some time, the word cancer, in fact, encompasses more than 200 diseases. Furthermore, no patients are alike. The medical professionals are aware that a patient does not work the same treatment to another. In the words of Manuel Hidalgo, director of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Clara Campal (Ciocc), “no two tumors are alike, all are different, no diseases, only patients.”

The model “one size fits all” (“everything fits all”) is no longer valid. The smaller group of patients can be selected to adequately treat a disease cancer is one person, according to Hidalgo explained in the “Cycle individualized medicine, health innovation and economic development”, organized by the Foundation and the Roche Institute Bamberg, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and Science and the Center for Scientific Research (CSIC). The current challenge applied to personalized medicine in oncology is to develop, adopt and use treatments to individual patients.

credit to: CLARA BASSI

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Recently, the agency said that something as simple as physical exercise can help prevent a number of annual deaths caused by cancer. According to official statistics, nearly 3 million people can save their lives thanks to the implementation of activities such as gymnastics or walk.

However, WHO also recognizes that requires better prevention and detection to prevent the increasing occurrence of this disease.

It is recalled that die each year about 7.6 million people due to the different types of cancer diseases.

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The FDA approval was based on the positive results achieved in international phase III, placebo-SHARP (Sofafenib HCC Assessment Randomized Protocol, “Randomized Protocol for the evaluation of sorafenib in HCC”) which demonstrated that Nexavar extended in 44% overall survival of patients with liver cancer compared with placebo.
Two years ago Nexavar became the first new drug against advanced kidney cancer, the drug was jointly developed by Bayer HealthCare AG and Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver cancer and is responsible for about 90% of primary malignant liver tumors in adults. It is the sixth most common tumor worldwide and the third type of cancer causes more deaths. Are diagnosed annually over 600 thousand new cases worldwide and the incidence is increasing.

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* A lump or sore that does not heal
* A sore throat that does not go away
* Trouble swallowing
* A change or hoarseness in the voice

Using tobacco or alcohol increases your risk. In fact, 85 percent of head and neck cancers are linked to tobacco use, including smoking and smokeless tobacco. If found early, these cancers are often curable. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a combination. Treatments can affect eating, speaking or even breathing, so patients may need rehabilitation.

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The 5968 study of women in Maryland confirms previous findings that people who exercise regularly are less likely to develop cancer.

But when the researchers looked at women aged 18-65 years, who were in the top half in terms of the amount of exercise per week, they found that sleep seems to play an important role in cancer risk

Those who slept less than seven hours each night were 47 percent higher cancer risk than those who slept more physically active women, researchers reported at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.

“We believe it is very interesting and intriguing, although not something that has been widely studied,” James McClain of the National Cancer Institute, part of the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health, said.

McClain, who led the study, says it is not clear exactly how little sleep can make one more susceptible to cancer, “Although the sufficient sleep has always been associated with health,” he said.

In the U.S. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention raised the problem of sleep loss as a public health problem now, as Americans increasingly get less sleep.

Statistics has found that adults surveyed sleep six or fewer hours a night rate that increased from 1985 to 2006.

Experts say chronic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, strokes, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking.

In addition, research has shown that people who exercise regularly have a reduced risk of breast cancer, colon and other cancers.

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There are other genetic mutations that are associated with an increased breast cancer risk, but are much less widespread than BRCA1 and BRCA2, are p53 and PTEN, each associated with less than 1% of cases.

The benign breast lesions such as papillomas, commonly referred fibradenomas and fibrocystic changes are not premalignant and not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. However, abnormalities such as hyperplasia heatwave proliferating, atypical loboluliar associated with a significantly higher relative risk.

IONIZING RADIATION

Exposure to low dose radiation is clearly carcinogenic, with increased breast cancer as the exposure dose. This risk also depends on age, so that women exposed during adolescence are those with the highest risk, while those exposed after age 50 virtually no added risk. The latency period from exposure to the breast cancer diagnosis is 10 or 15 years older

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Since 1990, the mortality rate from breast cancer has declined in the United States by 24% and similar reductions have been observed in other countries. Mathematical models suggest that both the use of mammography and the availability of adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen as well as contributing to this improvement. Although breast cancer has traditionally been less common in non-industrialized countries, its incidence in these areas is increasing.

In our country according to recent data from the National Registry of Tumors, ranks second in incidence and remember that in the course of a lifetime, one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer.

It is believed that 50% of women diagnosed with breast cancer has identifiable risk factors other than age and gender. Certain hormonal and reproductive factors and lifestyle, diet and environment are related to the risk. In addition to personal or family history of this neoplasm, histories of benign breast disease is another predisposing factor.

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Because this is usually paid little attention and diagnosed late, leading to treatment possibilities are less successful.

It takes the form later than in women, age is around 70 years. In the same way that women have breast tissue man and one of the high risk factors is having a relative with breast cancer.

But also consider factors such as, aging, a diseased liver, testicular atrophy, an imbalance between estrogen and androgen, high radiation exposure, obesity, influence to develop the disease.

Symptoms are the same as in women, nipple discharge, hard nodules and chest pain.

Unfortunately that has given the false idea that men are not affected by this disease are not as routine tests in women, and mammograms. And since these men ignore this possibility and do not perform self-exams, while if they find something unusual ashamed for playing it typically considered a disease of women.

Treatment involves women as in surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. There have been few studies related to male breast cancer and because this is done the same treatment in women side effects may be different in the male body.

In recent times has aroused more interest on the part of medicine and it is raise public awareness making it known and recommended for men who perform regular self to go to a doctor carried out an analysis, a biopsy and diagnosis.

The rate of mortality is higher because it is ignored and is diagnosed late

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According to the International Union Against Cancer, some measures to substantially reduce the risk of developing this disease:

- Quit smoking and avoid passive exposure to smoke snuff.
- Reduce alcohol consumption.

Alcohol consumption increases the risk of mouth cancer, throat and larynx, breast, bowel and liver. The risk of cancer of the upper digestive tract is greater with increasing the amount of alcohol consumed over 250 ml of wine or 500 ml of beer. Consume about 1 liter of wine or 2 liters of beer daily is a risk between 4 and 6 times higher of developing these cancers compared with those who consume it in moderation or not drink alcoholic beverages.
In conclusion: reduce consumption of alcohol is an effective measure to prevent cancer.

- Avoid excessive exposure to sunlight.
- Physical activity regularly.
- Eat a healthful diet.

Research demonstrates that there is a direct relationship between diet and the risk of certain cancers. Studies indicate that each daily serving (80-100 g) of fruit or vegetable by 20% reduces the risk of oral cancer and 30% the risk of stomach cancer. A high intake of fiber (an average of 27 g / day) is associated with a 20% lower risk of bowel cancer, while red and processed meat increases the risk of breast cancer. Also, a high intake of salt and salted fish increases the risk of stomach cancer.

In conclusion: reduce consumption of foods high in calories, saturated fat (eg butter, coconut oil and palm oil), sweetened drinks, salty foods and red and processed meat, grilled and fried at high temperatures, and enjoy a varied and healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains may reduce the risk of these cancers.

Maintain a healthy weight.

There is convincing evidence that overweight or obesity increases the risk of developing cervical cancer, kidney, esophagus, stomach, colon and breast (in postmenopausal women), prostate, gallbladder and pancreas.

In conclusion, maintaining a healthy weight and getting enough physical activity, eating a healthy diet may reduce this risk.

Protecting yourself against infections that cause cancer.
The hepatitis B or C causes liver cancer, human papilloma virus causes cervical cancer and H. pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer.

UICC is the leading international NGO dedicated to prevention and cancer control worldwide. It comprises more than 300 affiliates in over 100 countries in the fight to eliminate cancer as a life-threatening illness through the implementation of the World Cancer Declaration

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